What is Yellow Fever?
A viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (Flavivirus). Named after one of its key symptoms: jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes).
How is it Transmitted?
Through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily:- Aedes aegypti (urban)- Haemagogus (jungle)
Transmission Cycles:- Jungle Cycle: Monkeys -> Mosquitoes -> Humans- Intermediate
Cycle: Rural outbreaks involving humans & primates- Urban Cycle: Human -> Mosquito -> Human (can trigger epidemics)
Symptoms:
Acute Phase (Most Cases):- Fever- Headache- Muscle pain (especially back)- Nausea, vomiting- Red eyes, chills
Toxic Phase (15% Cases):- High fever returns- Jaundice- Bleeding (mouth, eyes, nose)- Liver & kidney failure- Shock, coma, possibly death
Diagnosis:
Difficult due to similarity with diseases like malaria/dengue. Confirmed by:- PCR tests (detect virus RNA)- Antibody tests (IgM)- Blood sample analysis
Is There a Cure?
No specific antiviral treatment.
Management includes:- Hospital care- IV fluids, oxygen- Paracetamol for fever (avoid aspirin/NSAIDs)- Blood transfusions if needed
Early treatment can save lives.
Prevention is Key
A. Vaccination:- Single dose = lifelong protection- WHO-recommended for residents/travelers to endemic areas- Required by some countries for entry (International Yellow Card)
B. Mosquito Control:- Remove standing water- Use insecticides- Community awareness
C. Personal Protection:- Wear full-sleeve clothing- Use DEET-based repellents- Sleep under mosquito nets
Global Action & Challenges:
WHO efforts include:- Mass vaccinations- Emergency vaccine stockpiles- Disease surveillance
Challenges:- Vaccine shortages- Healthcare gaps in rural areas- Urbanization and climate change- Vaccine misinformation
Conclusion:
Yellow fever is deadly-but preventable. Recognize symptoms- Get vaccinated- Protect yourself from mosquitoes.
Together, through education and prevention, we can control and eventually eliminate yellow fever as
a global health threat